Study Findings: Building Wet Planets Through High-Pressure Magma–Hydrogen Reactions

Posted on by onespaceman2000
Credit: Image by Yol Gezer from Pixabay

Nature abstract of study findings:

Close-in transiting sub-Neptunes are abundant in our Galaxy. Planetary interior models based on their observed radius–mass relationship suggest that sub-Neptunes contain a discernible amount of either hydrogen (dry planets) or water (wet planets) blanketing a core composed of rocks and metal. Water-rich sub-Neptunes have been believed to form farther from the star and then migrate inwards to their present orbits. Here we report experimental evidence of reactions between warm, dense hydrogen fluid and silicate melt that release silicon from the magma to form alloys and hydrides at high pressures. We found that oxygen liberated from the silicate melt reacts with hydrogen, producing an appreciable amount of water up to a few tens of weight per cent, which is much greater than previously predicted based on low-pressure ideal gas extrapolation. Consequently, these reactions can generate a spectrum of water contents in hydrogen-rich planets, with the potential to reach water-rich compositions for some sub-Neptunes, implying an evolutionary relationship between hydrogen-rich and water-rich planets. Therefore, detection of a large amount of water in exoplanet atmospheres may not be the optimal evidence for planet migration in the protoplanetary disk, calling into question the assumed link between composition and planet formation location.

Citation: Horn, H.W., Vazan, A., Chariton, S. et al. Building wet planets through high-pressure magma–hydrogen reactions. Nature 646, 1069–1074 (2025).

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09630-7

Study-related stories:

Science News – “Some Planets Might Home Brew their Own Water”

Universe Today – “Some Exoplanets Can Create Their Own Water Through Crust-Atmosphere Reactions”

Space Daily – “Water Production on Exoplanets Revealed by Pressure Experiments”

More Files to be Released, But This Time it’s UFOs

Posted on by onespaceman2000
Credit: Image by andrewnawroski from Pixabay

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Not to be outdone by former president Obama, who let it slip that he believes in UFOs, President Trump is now promising to release all of those hidden UFO files. Of course, this is likely just another distraction from the Epstein files, which are currently causing the defenestration of top political and corporate officials.

Someone may want to tell the president that the federal government is already releasing this type of UFO, or should I say Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), information for years. The office doing this work is called the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office.

If this UFO release is anything like the release of the Epstein files, it will involve years of false promises, followed by a horrendous battle with Congress over the actual release of this information to the public, and finally the slow dribble of incomplete files that only further enrage the public.

This should be a mess, just like everything in Washington these days.

Posted in UFO

Pic of the Week: A Protostar in the Cepheus A Region

Posted on by onespaceman2000
Image (Credit): The Cepheus A region, including a protostar causing much of this region’s illumination. (NASA, ESA, and R. Fedriani (Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia); Processing: Gladys Kober (NASA/Catholic University of America))

This week’s image was taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. It shows the star-forming region Cepheus A in the constellation of Cepheus. This region is about 2,400 light-years away.

Here is more from NASA about this region:

The high-mass star-forming region Cepheus A hosts a collection of baby stars, including one large and luminous protostar, which accounts for about half of the region’s brightness. While much of the region is shrouded in opaque dust, light from hidden stars breaks through outflow cavities to illuminate and energize areas of gas and dust, creating pink and white nebulae. The pink area is an HII region, where the intense ultraviolet radiation of the nearby stars has converted the surrounding clouds of gas into glowing, ionized hydrogen.

Movie: In the Blink of an Eye

Posted on by onespaceman2000
Credit: Hulu

On February 27th, a new movie called In the Blink of an Eye premieres on Hulu. It sounds like an interesting story told in three parts over thousands of years from primitive human life all the way to travel to a new planet. You can see the outline for yourself in this trailer.

While I did not see many movies showing up for 2026 in this realm, they tend to pop up like mushrooms when they are ready. That is fine with me. It also has the same director as WALL-E, which gives me hope.

So far the reviews are so-so.

RogerEbert.com states:

At just around 90 minutes, it often feels like the Cliffs Notes version of a 500-page novel. 

And Rotten Tomatoes has the TomatoReader at 16 percent based on 19 reviews. Richard Lawson with The Hollywood Reporter states:

There is so little texture to these character arcs that the actors are mostly just working in service of a blandly uplifting message. It’s as if they’ve all been commissioned by a well-funded science museum.

I still want to judge the film for myself. Plus, I like the cast that includes Kate McKinnon, Rashida Jones, and Daveed Diggs.

You can wait for the perfect film, or simply take what is offered at the moment.

Image (Credit): A scene from the film In the Blink of an Eye. (Hulu)

More Satellites Planned by Iran

Posted on by onespaceman2000
Credit: Image by 政徳 吉田 from Pixabay

Just as we deal with more and more satellites from SpaceX, Amazon, Europe, and the Chinese, creating an increasing amount of orbital pollution, we now have to contemplate Iran adding thousands more satellites to this number.

According to the Tehran Times, Iran is looking to create its own internet satellite system similar to Starlink. Hassan Salarieh, the head of the Iranian Space Agency, stated:

To develop satellite constellations to offer ‘wideband’ services in low Earth orbit (LEO) requires a large number of satellites. Based on the altitude of the orbit and the type of design, sometimes it would be necessary to inject several thousand satellites into the orbit to achieve full coverage.

This is the same country that shut down its entire internet system recently to thwart protesters, only to find that the US was smuggling Starlink terminals into Iran. So one can only assume the government will be keeping close tabs on any internet service, be it ground-based or satellite-based.

Whatever the case, the continued proliferation of such systems will only put greater strains on Earth-based astronomy.