Space Stories: Japanese Spacecraft Leaves for Mars, Extreme Exoplanet Weather, and Ghostly Green Stars

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Credit: JAXA

Here are some recent space-related stories of interest.

—Sky & Telescope: “Japan Launches the Martian Moons Exploration Mission“

A two-stage, H3-24L rocket lit up the predawn skies over Tanegashima Space Center on the southern tip of Japan early on Tuesday, October 20th (3:41 p.m. EDT on October 19th), carrying a mission headed for the Red Planet: the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)…The mission is complex, set to explore the moons of Mars with a series of flybys past Deimos before rendezvous with and landing on Phobos. If all goes well, MMX will collect and return a sample from Phobos and return it to Earth. The agency’s goal is nothing less than to understand the potato-shaped moons’ origins.

—SciTechDaily: “NASA’s James Webb Telescope Reveals a Giant Alien Planet That’s Not Quite Round“

One side of WASP-17b’s atmosphere extends farther into space than the other, giving this intensely hot giant planet an uneven outline. Astronomers have now mapped that distortion with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), finding a pattern consistent with predictions of how heat and powerful winds shape a world with permanent day and night sides. WASP-17b is a hot Jupiter, a giant planet that orbits close to its star, about 1,300 light-years from Earth. The study, co-led by Cornell University in the United States and the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom, was published in Nature Astronomy. It marks the first application of a method called transmission strings, developed at Bristol by astrophysicists Dr. David Grant and Dr. Hannah Wakeford.

—ScienceDaily: “Astronomers Discover a Ghostly Green Star Unlike Any Known Before“

Astronomers at the University of Warwick have discovered that white dwarf stars can display a surprising variety of colors, including green, pink, purple, yellow, and cyan. Among their findings is the first known star that would appear genuinely green to the human eye. For most stars, color is closely tied to temperature. Cooler stars appear orange, stars like our Sun look white, and the hottest stars shine pale blue. The relationship is similar to heating a piece of iron, which changes from red to orange and eventually white as its temperature rises.

Note: Here is the podcast version of this post.

Pic of the Week: The Flower Bud Nebula

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Image (Credit): JWST’s view of NGC 7129. (NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI; Image Processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI))

This week’s image is from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). It shows the overwhelmingly bright and active NGC 7129, also known as the Flower Bud Nebula, located about 3,300 light-years away.

NASA provided a helpful story explaining what you are seeing in the image above:

The stars from this cluster are in different stages of their development, as the more massive stars form and evolve the fastest. The most massive (and the most mature) is the region’s luminous central star, LkH(alpha) 234 (pronounced Lick-H-alpha). This star, which sports the image’s most prominent diffraction pattern, is a pre-main-sequence star weighing around 5 to 8 times the mass of our Sun. Pre-main-sequence stars like these have mostly finished gathering mass and are contracting under the force of gravity, causing their temperatures to rise. In time, this star will fuse its own hydrogen like our Sun.

The cavity to its left, which appears in gold and spans about 3.5 light-years, is the largest demonstration of the central star’s impact. Outflows from an earlier stage of the star’s life cycle carve into the dense molecular cloud of hydrogen. Both the outflows and the star’s light energize the gas, causing it to glow. While much of this hydrogen gas is blown away, a large amount is also compressed, creating the conditions for even more stars to form.

Pic of the Week: Colorful IC 348

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Image (Credit): IC 348 as captured by NASA’s JWST recently observed IC 348. (NASA, ESA, CSA, Kevin Luhman (PSU), Catarina Alves de Oliveira (ESA), Mahdi Zamani (ESA/Webb))

This week’s image is from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). With its sharp, amazing colors you would not think it is real, yet you are looking at a star-forming region about 1,000 light-years away called IC 348.

Here is NASA’s description of what you are seeing:

In regions like IC 348, cold clouds of molecular hydrogen gas collapse to form new stars, creating glowing, sculpted scenes like this one. The star-formation process can create widely varied objects, from massive stars that expire after only a few million years in core-collapse supernova explosions to the smallest and most common stars, which are long lived and produce powerful stellar storms.The smallest stars weigh in at around 8 percent of the Sun’s mass. Below this mass lies a strange class of objects called brown dwarfs. Brown dwarfs form in the same way stars do, through the collapse of molecular clouds. However, unlike stars, the cores of brown dwarfs never become hot enough to fuse ordinary hydrogen into helium (though many briefly fuse deuterium, or heavy hydrogen, early in their lives).

Study Findings: Early Metal-enriched Baryon Cycling Before the Midpoint of Cosmic Reionization

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Image (Credit): The James Webb Space Telescope’s deep field image of Galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 showing thousands of galaxies. (NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI)

Nature Astronomy abstract of study findings:

Models predict that chemical enrichment and gas redistribution should begin rapidly once star formation starts, but direct constraints at the earliest epochs have been scarce. Here we show that metal-enriched gas in multiple ionic phases was already present around galaxies before the midpoint of cosmic reionization. Using JWST/NIRSpec rest-frame ultraviolet spectroscopy from SPURS, we detect blueshifted metal absorption in three galaxies at 7.2 < z < 9.3. The detected transitions span neutral, low-ionization and high-ionization species, including O I, Si II, C II, Si IV and C IV, with velocity offsets of ∣Δv∣ ≈ 50–250 km s−1 relative to nebular systemic redshifts. The ionic coexistence, overlapping velocity structure and equivalent-width ratios are consistent with outflowing or otherwise kinematically disturbed galaxy-associated gas, implying rapid metal enrichment. These results show that key conditions for baryon cycling were established in at least a subset of luminous galaxies within the first several hundred million years of cosmic time, well before the completion of reionization.

Citation: Zhu, Y., Ji, Z., Becker, G.D. et al. Early metal-enriched baryon cycling before the midpoint of cosmic reionization. Nat Astron (2026).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-026-02988-2

Study-related stories:

EurekAlert! – “JWST Finds Early Galaxies Were Already Seeding the Universe with Heavy Elements”

Cornell Chronicle – “Astronomers Discover Metal-rich Galaxies in Early Universe”

Astro Current – “JWST Finds Early Galaxies Seeded the Infant Universe with Heavy Elements”

Pic of the Week: The Black Eye Galaxy

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Image (Credit): Composite image of Messier 64 (M64) from the JWST and the Hubble Space Telescope. (NASA, CSA, ESA, F. Belfiore (ESO), J. Lee (STScI), A. Leroy (OSU), and D. Thilker (JHU); Image Processing: G. Kober (NASA/Catholic University))

This week’s image is from NASA’s Astronomy Picture of the Day. It is a composite image from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Hubble Space Telescope showing Messier 64 (M64), which is a spiral galaxy about 17 million light-years away.

Here is a little more information from NASA explaining what you are seeing here:

Sometimes where Hubble finds darkness, Webb sees light. An example is today’s composite images of Messier 64 (M64), a nearby spiral galaxy of many names. The dark band of dust partially blocking its bright core earned it the moniker “the Black Eye Galaxy.” Webb’s Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) sees that dust, shown in red, as it absorbs and re-emits light from surrounding newborn stars. These young stars are embedded in pink star-forming regions in the secondary Hubble-only image. M64’s inner and outer gas regions counter-rotate, creating regions of increased star formation where the two gas “currents” meet and compress. A merger between M64 and a smaller galaxy was likely the cause of the opposing motion of the outer gas. Spiral galaxies were once thought to have peaceful histories. M64 was key evidence that spiral galaxies, including the Milky Way, can and do experience mergers. Webb’s view of M64 will tell astronomers about the structure, motion, and composition of the galaxy’s dust and add context to the galaxy’s merger history and evolution.