The X37-B Mini-Shuttle Returns to Orbit

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Image (Credit): The X37-B space plane. (US Space Force)

While the space shuttles are all safely stored in space museums around the country, the U.S. Space Force’s X37B space plane (or uncrewed mini-shuttle) is still in business.

The spacecraft returned to Earth orbit late last week, launched from the Kennedy Space Center. The X-37B can stay in orbit for multiple years, powered by both batteries and solar cells. The latest launch is the eighth such mission.

While the missions are generally classified, they are thought to be basic experiments to enhance the U.S. Space Forces capabilities. For example, the latest mission is testing a quantum navigation sensor that can detect a spacecraft’s location without GPS. Of course, other have said the spacecraft are spying on the Chinese space station and Russian satellites. It is certainly possible that the little shuttle has been busy with all of this.

The two X-37Bs, called autonomous, reusable orbital test vehicles, were built by Boeing and started flying in 2010, one year before the end of the crewed space shuttles servicing the International Space Station (ISS).

It is odd that Boeing has done so well with this shuttle yet so poorly getting a manned capsule safely to and from the ISS, but maybe it has more to do with the skills of Rockwell International, which build the manned shuttles and was later acquired by Boeing.

Space Quote: Understanding NASA Interplanetary Transmissions and Applying it to SETI

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Image (Credit): Artist’s rending of the Perseverance Mars rover on the Martian surface. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)

”Based on data from the last 20 years, we found that if an extraterrestrial intelligence were in a location that could observe the alignment of Earth and Mars, there’s a 77% chance that they would be in the path of one of our transmissions — orders of magnitude more likely than being in a random position at a random time.”

–Statement by Penn State graduate student Pinchen Fan, one of the authors of a recent study, Detecting Extraterrestrial Civilizations that Employ an Earth-level Deep Space Network. The study looked at NASA transmissions from Earth to space missions in the the solar system to determine if it could assist with the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI).

Study Findings: Core Metamorphism Controls the Dynamic Habitability of Mid-sized Ocean Worlds—The Case of Ceres

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Image (Credit): Dwarf planet Ceres. (NASA/JPL)

Science Advances abstract of the study findings:

Ceres’s surface mineralogy and density structure indicate an aqueous past. Observations from the Dawn mission revealed that Ceres likely hosted a global subsurface ocean in its early history, which was the site of pervasive aqueous alteration of accreted material. Subsurface environmental constraints inferred from Ceres’s surface mineralogy, combined with Ceres’s high abundance of carbon, suggest that the dwarf planet may have been habitable for microbial life. We present a coupled chemical and thermal evolution model tracking Ceres’s interior aqueous environment through time. If the rocky interior reached ≳550 K, then fluids released by rock metamorphism would have promoted conditions favorable for habitability by introducing redox disequilibrium into the ocean, a source of chemical energy for chemotrophs. We find that this period would have been between ~0.5 and 2 billion years after Ceres’s formation. Since then, Ceres’s ocean has likely become a cold, concentrated brine with fewer sources of energy, making it less likely to be habitable at present.

Citation: Samuel W. Courville, S.W., Castillo-Rogez J.C., Daswani, M.M. et al. Core metamorphism controls the dynamic habitability of mid-sized ocean worlds—The case of Ceres, Science Advances, Vol 11, Issue 34 (August 20, 2025).

https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt3283

Study-related stories:

The Register – “Dwarf Planet Ceres May Have Been Habitable – for Microbes – a Couple of Billion Years Back”

Perplexity – “Dwarf Planet Ceres May Have Harbored Ancient Microbial Life”

Astrobiology – “Ceres May Have Had Long-Standing Energy to Fuel Habitability”

Pic of the Week: Hurricane Erin in the Caribbean Sea

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Image (Credit): Hurricane Erin in the Caribbean Sea on August 18, 2025. (NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview, and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership)

This week’s image is from the NASA Earth Observatory. It shows Hurricane Erin, the first Atlantic hurricane in the 2025 season, as it travels through the Caribbean Sea earlier this week. The image below labels the various islands in the image.

Image (Credit): Hurricane Erin in the Caribbean Sea on August 18, 2025 (with island identifiers). (NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview, and the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership)

We Welcome S/2025 U1 to the Family of Moons

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Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, M. El Moutamid (SwRI), M. Hedman (University of Idaho)

Uranus has a new moon. Voyager missed it, but the James Webb Space Telescope discovered it earlier this year.

Named S/2025 U1 for the time being, it is the 29th known moon of Uranus. It is also quite small, being only six miles in diameter. Even the Martian Deimos is 7.5 miles in diameter.

Given the names of the other local moons, such as Puck, Cupid, Ophelia, and Juliet, one can guess that a few astronomers are brushing up on their Shakespeare at the moment. However, the International Astronomical Union will have the final say.

It’s just nice to have something simple to acknowledge in the space realm given all the politics mucking things up here on Earth. We all need to look up from the news once in a while to appreciate the bigger picture.