Study Findings: A Carbon-rich Atmosphere on a Windy Pulsar Planet

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Image (Credit): Artist’s rendering of of an exoplanet orbiting a rapidly spinning neutron star called a pulsar. (NASA, ESA, CSA, Ralf Crawford (STScI))

Abstract of pre-publication study findings:

A handful of enigmatic Jupiter-mass objects have been discovered orbiting pulsars. One such object, PSR\,J2322-2650b, uniquely resembles a hot Jupiter exoplanet due to its minimum density of 1.8 g/cm^3 and its ~1900 K equilibrium temperature. We use JWST to observe PSR J2322-2650b’s emission spectrum across an entire orbit. In stark contrast to every known exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star, we find an atmosphere rich in molecular carbon (C3, C2) with strong westward winds. Our observations open up new exoplanetary chemical (ultra-high C/O and C/N ratios of >100 and >10,000, respectively) and dynamical regimes (ultra-fast rotation with external irradiation) to observational study. The extreme carbon enrichment poses a severe challenge to the current understanding of “black widow” companions, which were expected to consist of a wider range of elements due to their origins as stripped stellar cores.

Citation: Michael Zhang et al. A carbon-rich atmosphere on a windy pulsar planet. ApJL (2025).

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2509.04558

Study-related stories:

University of Chicago – “NASA’s Webb Telescope Finds Bizarre Atmosphere on a Lemon-shaped Exoplanet”

Scientific American – “This Planet Is the Shape of a Lemon. That May Be the Least Weird Thing about It”

Space Daily – “Webb Maps Carbon Rich Atmosphere on Distorted Pulsar Planet”

Space Quote: British Satellite to Study Impact of Stars on Exoplanets

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Credit: Blue Skies Space

“Mauve will open a new window on stellar activity that has previously been largely hidden from view…By observing stars in ultraviolet light, wavelengths that can’t be studied from Earth, we’ll gain a much deeper understanding of how stars behave and how their flares may impact the environment of orbiting exoplanets. Traditional ground-based telescopes just can’t capture this information, so a satellite like Mauve is crucial for furthering our knowledge.”

–Statement by Professor Giovanna Tinetti, Chief Scientist and Co-founder of Blue Skies Space, regarding today’s launch of the Mauve cubesat satellite. This satellite contains a 13 cm telescope that will be used to observe hundreds of stars in the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths over a three-year period. Data from this mission will be sold via subscriptions, and used to study the stars and how their activity influences the habitability of distant exoplanets. You can find more information on the mission here.

Study Findings: Not All Sub-Neptune Exoplanets Have Magma Oceans

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Credit: Image by Enrique from Pixabay

The Astrophysical Journal Letters abstract of the study findings:

The evolution and structure of sub-Neptunes may be strongly influenced by interactions between the outer gaseous envelope of the planet and a surface magma ocean. However, given the wide variety of permissible interior structures of these planets, it is unclear whether conditions at the envelope–mantle boundary will always permit a molten silicate layer or whether some sub-Neptunes might instead host a solid silicate surface. In this work, we use internal structure modeling to perform an extensive exploration of surface conditions within the sub-Neptune population across a range of bulk and atmospheric parameters. We find that a significant portion of the population may lack present-day magma oceans. In particular, planets with a high atmospheric mean molecular weight and large envelope mass fraction are likely to instead have a solid silicate surface, since the pressure at the envelope–mantle boundary is high enough that the silicates will be in solid postperovskite phase. This result is particularly relevant given recent inferences of high-mean molecular weight atmospheres from JWST observations of several sub-Neptunes. We apply this approach to a number of sub-Neptunes with existing or upcoming JWST observations and find that in almost all cases, a range of solutions exist that do not possess a present-day magma ocean. Our analysis provides critical context for interpreting sub-Neptunes and their atmospheres.

Citation: Bodie Breza et al. Not all sub-Neptune exoplanets have magma oceans. ApJL 993 L46 (2025).

https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae0c07

Study-related stories:

Universe Today – “It Looks Like All Mini-Neptunes Aren’t Magma Oceans After All”

University of Chicago – “New Study Revises Our Picture of the Most Common Planets in the Galaxy”

Space.com – “Is Our Dream of Finding Ocean-Covered Exoplanets Drying Up?”

Space Stories: New Exoplanets in a Binary Star System, the Secret “Athena” Plan for NASA, and an Interstellar “Tunnel”

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Credit: Pixabay.com.

Here are some recent space-related stories of interest.

—University of Liege: “Three Earth-sized Planets Discovered in a Compact Binary System“

An international team of researchers has just revealed the existence of three Earth-sized planets in the binary stellar system TOI-2267 located about 190 light-years away. This discovery, published in Astronomy & Astrophysics, is remarkable as it sheds new light on the formation and stability of planets in double-star environments, which have long been considered hostile to the development of complex planetary systems.

—ARSTECHNICA: “Capitol Hill is Abuzz with Talk of the “Athena” Plan for NASA“

In recent weeks, copies of an intriguing policy document have started to spread among space lobbyists on Capitol Hill in Washington, DC. The document bears the title “Athena,” and it purports to summarize the actions that private astronaut Jared Isaacman would have taken, were his nomination to become NASA administrator confirmed. The 62-page plan is notable both for the ideas to remake NASA that it espouses as well as the manner in which it has been leaked to the space community.

—Earth.com: “Interstellar “Tunnel” Found that Connects Our Solar System to Other Stars, According to Astronomers“

Space can surprise even those who spend their lives studying it. People often think of our solar system as just a few planets and a bunch of empty space. Yet new observations suggest we have been living inside a hot, less dense region, and that there may even be a strange “cosmic interstellar channel,” or tunnel, connecting us to distant stars. After years of careful mapping, a new analysis reveals what appears to be a channel of hot, low-density plasma stretching out from our solar system toward distant constellations.

RIP: June Lockhart, Actress

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Image (Credit): June Lockhart in the television series Lost in Space. (20th Century Fox Television)

Actress June Lockhart passed away last Thursday at the age of 100. She had a storied career in both movies and television, including the 1960s television shows Lassie and Lost in Space.

Lost in Space was a somewhat silly story about the Robinson family migrating from an overpopulated Earth to a exoplanet orbiting Alpha Centauri. Of course, just like the story in Gilligan’s Island, the five-and-a-half year tour turned into a new adventure among the stars.

The show was best known for the robot always spouting “Danger, Will Robinson!” in reference to the son whose mother was played by June Lockhart. Of course, Star Trek premiered during that same period with some of the same silliness. It seems we did not achieve our darker sentiments about humans in space until somewhat later.

With regard to her time with Lost in Space, Ms. Lockhart stated to Fox News:

I was over the moon – pun intended. … I have been told that my contribution inspired many astronauts to pursue a career in space science and exploration … it is lovely to know that I touched so many people by doing things that interested me!

The 1998 movie Lost in Space did little to revive interest in the series (or space from what I can tell), but the Neflix television series of the same name did a nice job bringing the Robinson family back to life. If you are looking for a great updated adventure story about a boy and his robot traveling through space, you might want to start with the Netflix version.

You can read more on Ms. Lockhart’s life and career at these sites:

BBC
CBS News
The New York Times

Rest in peace.

Image (Credit): Poster for the 1998 movie Lost in Space. (New Line Cinema)
Image (Credit): Poster for the 2018 television series Lost in Space. (Netflix)